You can't do what you're looking for with a formula, but you can use vba code attached to the worksheet's 'Change' event, like so:
Copy and paste this code into the worksheet module for the sheet in question. (If it's not "sheet1", you'll have to change that reference in the code.)
Next, as mentioned earlier, select all of your blank cells using F5 -> Special -> Blanks. Then Format -> Cells.. -> Protection -> untick 'Locked' checkbox. Protect your document. Save.
Now, when you go to any blank cell you should be able to type into it once. After you exit the cell it will become protected. Don't make any typos. 
hth
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