Yes.

1) Highlight the entire sheet
2) Open the CTRL+1 cell formatting window, go to PROTECTION tab and uncheck the [ ] Locked option
3) Now highlight the one column you DO want protected, and turn back on the [x] Locked option for that column
4) Now optionally hide that column, you don't need to for this, but you can.
5) Now turn on sheet protection. Set the protection options the way you want in terms of cell selection.

Now, with the sheet protected, you can edit all the unlocked cells, but not the locked cells.