I think your problem is with your regional settings. If your computer is setup to use the international date format of d/m/y then Excel doesn't understand 11/16/2017 as a date (because there's no 16th month). The other dates are probably being translated wrongly as well - try formatting column C as d mmm yy to see if 11/10/2017 shows as 11 Oct 17 (international) or as 10 Nov 17 (USA).
To fix the cells with values , you can use this (bit long, sorry):
Formula:
=DATE(MID(C2,7,4),LEFT(C2,2),MID(C2,4,2))+TIME(MID(C2,FIND(" ",C2),FIND(":",C2)-FIND(" ",C2)),MID(C2,FIND(":",C2)+1,2),0)-8/24
That assumes that the date/time in the 'not working' cells is always in the format mm/dd/yyyy h:mm AM - which it looks to be.
This formula will not work on the other cells. What you do with them depends on whether they're correct (month/day or day/month) or not.
If the other dates are correct (day and month correct, not switched), then use this in C2 and drag down:
Formula:
=IFERROR(C2-8/24,DATE(MID(C2,7,4),LEFT(C2,2),MID(C2,4,2))+TIME(MID(C2,FIND(" ",C2),FIND(":",C2)-FIND(" ",C2)),MID(C2,FIND(":",C2)+1,2),0)-8/24)
If all the other dates are wrong too (that is, the month and date are switched), then use this in C2 and drag down:
Formula:
=IFERROR(DATE(MID(C2,7,4),LEFT(C2,2),MID(C2,4,2))+TIME(MID(C2,FIND(" ",C2),FIND(":",C2)-FIND(" ",C2)),MID(C2,FIND(":",C2)+1,2),0)-8/24,(DATE(YEAR(C2),DAY(C2),MONTH(C2))+TIME(HOUR(C2),MINUTE(C2),SECOND(C2)))-8/24)
Hopefully that fixes it for you. 
Edit:
Sorry, the formulae above don't take into account am/pm. Use these ones instead:
Formula:
=DATE(MID(C2,7,4),LEFT(C2,2),MID(C2,4,2))+TIME(IF(RIGHT(C2,2)="AM",MID(C2,FIND(" ",C2),FIND(":",C2)-FIND(" ",C2)),MID(C2,FIND(" ",C2),FIND(":",C2)-FIND(" ",C2))+12),MID(C2,FIND(":",C2)+1,2),0)-8/24
Formula:
=IFERROR(C2-8/24,DATE(MID(C2,7,4),LEFT(C2,2),MID(C2,4,2))+TIME(IF(RIGHT(C2,2)="AM",MID(C2,FIND(" ",C2),FIND(":",C2)-FIND(" ",C2)),MID(C2,FIND(" ",C2),FIND(":",C2)-FIND(" ",C2))+12),MID(C2,FIND(":",C2)+1,2),0)-8/24)
Formula:
=IFERROR(DATE(MID(C2,7,4),LEFT(C2,2),MID(C2,4,2))+TIME(IF(RIGHT(C2,2)="AM",MID(C2,FIND(" ",C2),FIND(":",C2)-FIND(" ",C2)),MID(C2,FIND(" ",C2),FIND(":",C2)-FIND(" ",C2))+12),MID(C2,FIND(":",C2)+1,2),0)-8/24,(DATE(YEAR(C2),DAY(C2),MONTH(C2))+TIME(HOUR(C2),MINUTE(C2),SECOND(C2)))-8/24)
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